Greg Mello. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , 10 February 2010.
http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/the-obama-disarmament-paradox
Greg Mello is the executive director and co-founder of the Los Alamos Study Group .
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Last April in Prague, President Barack Obama gave a speech that many have interpreted as a commitment to significant nuclear disarmament.
Agora, no entanto, a Casa Branca está solicitando um dos maiores aumentos no histórico de gastos ogiva. Se o seu pedido é totalmente financiado, os gastos com ogiva subiria de 10 por cento em um ano, com novos aumentos prometidos para o futuro. Los Alamos National Laboratory, o maior alvo da generosidade Obama, veríamos um aumento do orçamento de 22 por cento, a maior desde 1944. In particular, funding for a new plutonium “pit” factory complex there would more than double, signaling a commitment to produce new nuclear weapons a decade hence.
So how is the president's budget compatible with his disarmament vision?
A resposta é simples: não há evidência de que Obama não tem, nem nunca teve, qualquer visão. He said nothing to that effect in Prague. There, he merely spoke of his commitment “to seek . . . a world without nuclear weapons,” a vague aspiration and hardly a novel one at that level of abstraction. Ele disse que, nesse meio tempo os Estados Unidos "vão manter um arsenal seguro, seguro e eficaz para dissuadir qualquer adversário, e garantir que a defesa de nossos aliados."
Uma vez que as armas nucleares não, e não vai nunca ", dissuadir qualquer adversário", isso também era altamente aspiracional, se não fútil. The vain search for an “effective” arsenal that can deter “any” adversary requires unending innovation and continuous real investment, including investment in the extended deterrent to which Obama referred. A promessa de tais investimentos, e não ao desarmamento, foi a mensagem operatório em Praga, na medida em que o estoque dos EUA estava preocupado. In fact, proposed new investments in extended deterrence were already being packaged for Congress when Obama spoke.
Para cumprir sua suposta "visão de desarmamento", Obama ofereceu apenas duas abordagens em Praga, tanto indefinido. Primeiro, ele falou vagamente de reduzir "o papel das armas nucleares em nossa estratégia de segurança nacional." Está longe de ser claro o que pode realmente dizer, ou mesmo o que isso poderia significar. O mais provável é que se refere ao discurso oficial, o que dizem as autoridades sobre a doutrina nuclear, em oposição aos fatos reais sobre o terreno. Second, Obama promised to negotiate “a new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty [START] with the Russians.” As far as nuclear disarmament went in the speech, that was it.
Claro, Obama também disse que sua administração seria imediatamente buscar a ratificação do Tratado de Proibição Completa de Testes, uma ação ainda não tomadas e um totalmente alheios a EUA desarmamento. The rest of the speech was devoted to various nonproliferation initiatives that his administration planned to seek.
Em 8 de julho, Obama eo presidente russo, Dmitry Medvedev anunciou a sua compreensão conjunta, comprometendo seus respectivos países para algo entre 500 a 1.100 veículos de entrega estratégicos e de 1.500 a 1.675 ogivas estratégicas, metas muito modestas para ser alcançado um total de sete anos após o tratado entrou em vigor. Total arsenal numbers wouldn't change, so strategic warheads could be taken from deployment and placed in a reserve–de-alerted, in effect. The treaty wouldn't affect nonstrategic warheads. It wouldn't require dismantlement. As Hans Kristensen at the Federation of American Scientists has explained, the delivery vehicle limits require little, if any, change from US and Russian expected deployments.
Ironically, it's possible that the retirement PDF of 4,000 or more US warheads under the Moscow Treaty and other retirements ordered by George W. Bush may exceed anything Obama does in terms of disarmament. As for the stockpile and weapons complex, Bush's aspirations were far more hawkish than Congress ultimately allowed. Orçamentos reais para ogivas caíram durante os últimos três anos no cargo. Agora, com os democratas que controlam o poder executivo e as duas casas do Congresso, a contenção do Congresso é notável por sua ausência. What Obama mainly seems to be “disarming” is congressional resistance to variations of some of the same proposals Bush found it difficult to authorize and fund.
Last May Obama sent his first budget to Congress, calling for flat warhead spending. At that time, the administration was still displaying a measured approach toward replacement and expansion of warhead capabilities.
Dito isto, no orçamento do ano passado, a Casa Branca fez aquiescer a uma demanda do Pentágono para solicitar financiamento para uma grande atualização para quatro B61 bomba nuclear variantes, um dos que tinha acabado de concluir um programa de extensão da vida útil de 20 anos de plus. Apenas um dia antes que o orçamento foi lançado uma revisão da estratégia nuclear grande solicitado anteriormente pelas comissões de serviços armados foi revelado. It was chaired by William Perry, a member of the governing board of the corporation that manages Los Alamos, and recurrent Cold War fixture James Schlesinger. [Full disclosure: Perry is also a member of the Bulletin's Board of Sponsors.]
As recomendações do relatório para o aumento dos gastos e desenvolvimento de armas rapidamente começou a servir como um ponto de encontro para a defesa falcões, sem dúvida, o ponto do exercício. No geral, foi um grande pastiche-comprovados de reciclados noções da Guerra Fria, totalmente desprovido de análise e, muitas vezes factualmente errada. But neither the White House nor leading congressional Democrats offered any public resistance or rebuttal to its conclusions.
More largely, opposition to nuclear restraint within the administration quickly emerged from its usual redoubts at the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), the Pentagon, STRATCOM, and interested players in both parties in Congress. Plus, Obama left key Bush appointees in place at NNSA while the Pentagon added some familiar faces from the Clinton administration, leaving serious questions about the ability of the White House to develop an independent understanding of the issues, let alone present one to Congress.
Either way, potential treaty ratification is surely a major factor in White House thinking. Senate Republicans, as expected, are demanding significant nuclear investments prior to considering ratification of any START follow-on treaty. Democratic hawks, especially powerful ones with pork-barrel interests at stake such as New Mexico Sen. Jeff Bingaman, also must be satisfied in the ratification process. Tudo em tudo isso faz com que solicitar o último orçamento Obama uma espécie de "rendição preventivo" para falcões nucleares. So whether or not the president has a disarmament “vision” is irrelevant. What is important are the policy commitments embodied in the budget request and whether Congress will endorse them.
Investments on the scale requested should be flatly unacceptable to all of us. The country and the world face truly apocalyptic security challenges from climate change and looming shortages of transportation fuels. Our economy is very weak and will remain so for the foreseeable future. The proposed increases in nuclear weapons spending, embedded as they are in an overall military budget bigger than any since the 1940s, should be a clarion call for renewed political commitment in service of the fundamental values that uphold this, or any, society.
Those values are now gravely threatened–not least by a White House uncertain about, or unwilling or unable to fight for, what is right.
Comentário do Editor:
Mello does a good job of explaining why there will be little progress toward nuclear abolition during the Obama administration. Further he makes a good case that the current administration seems to be headed towards feeding the nuclear weapons complex to a greater degree than Bush was able. Who'd of thought!
Mas Mello perde em alguns pontos. Uma delas é que ele descarta muito rapidamente a aspiração abolição nuclear Obama afirmou em Praga. Those few words may have little affect on policy, but they do mark a return to the rhetoric of all atomic age administrations up until George W. Bush markedly abandoned such aspirations. What is the value of that rhetoric? Mostly it gives credence to those who organize around abolition — something of value, but not much.
Secondly, Mello states that when Obama spoke of…
Reduzindo ... "o papel das armas nucleares em nossa estratégia de segurança nacional" está longe de ser claro o que pode realmente dizer, ou mesmo o que isso poderia significar.
Actually, this statement of Obama's refers to something quite specific and important. The US has been advancing for several decades to an unprecedented level of conventional force dominance over all other nations (see Bernard I. Finel on strategic meaning of US conventional military power). Neste ponto, os EUA podem antecipar a ganhar vantagem ainda mais estratégico se ele pode convencer outras nações a se juntarem na eliminação de armas nucleares (para uma declaração oficial desta fórmula estratégica ver o discurso do vice-presidente Biden na Universidade de Defesa Nacional em 18 de fevereiro de 2010.) Este é realmente um grande aspiração!
This connection of conventional dominance to nuclear dominance brings me to the other shortcoming of Mello's article. Nuclear abolition will be impossible without a significant restructuring of the international (in-)security system. Why would Russia or China eschew nuclear weapons or N. Korea and Iran abandon efforts to obtain them while these nations remain utterly vulnerable to US conventional strike?
Leaders of popular efforts for nuclear disarmament almost never acknowledge this strategic problem. That's a disservice to their cause, because it leaves a major obstacle to disarmament in place with no plan (or even awareness of the need for a plan) to remove it.
A eventualidade de um acordo para abolir as armas nucleares vai exigir que os EUA primeiro sacar seu poder militar convencional. And concurrent to a deep draw down of US conventional military power there must be a build up of international structures which can take up more and more of the responsibility for global security.
Essa transferência de poder e responsabilidade, provavelmente, vai acontecer um dia, mas nós certamente não são atualmente nesse caminho. Essa é mais uma "mudança" que Obama não está buscando, nem mesmo aspirationally.
Greg Mello responds to the editor's comments:
Eu acho que seus comentários são excelentes. Let me begin with the second one, with which I wholly agree. Our work here at the [Los Alamos] Study Group has emphasized nuclear weapons issues in part because of our geographic, and hence political, locus adjacent to the two largest nuclear weapons laboratories.
The barrier to nuclear disarmament posed by military policies and investments that express an aspiration for “full spectrum dominance” on a global scale is almost certainly insuperable. O desarmamento nuclear é apenas consistente com uma concepção muito diferente da segurança nacional do que temos agora e com uma estrutura econômica bem diferente internamente também. The good news — and I think we have to make it good where it may not appear so at first glance, since we have no other choice — is that our empire is failing.
Your first point, which relates to the symbolic value of Obama's disarmament statements, is also sound, but here I think that symbolic value is greatly outweighed by the passivity and compliance which his statements have engendered in civil society. The actors and forces which could and should be forcefully working for disarmament have been themselves disarmed by what amounts to propaganda.
Hypocrisy may be the homage paid to the ideal by the real, but it is not leadership, it is not honest, and it will not produce anything of value in this case. At the moment, it is allowing the nuclear weapons establishment to do what it could not accomplish previously: increase production capacity and provide greater, not lesser, endorsement of nuclear weapons in all their aspects, both materially and symbolically.
Obama's disarmament aspiration, so called, is a faint echo compared to the full-throated endorsement of nuclear weapons it is enabling.