グレッグ·メロ。 原子力科学者 、2010年2月10日紀要 。
http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/op-eds/the-obama-disarmament-paradox
グレッグ·メロのエグゼクティブ·ディレクター兼共同創設者であるロスアラモス国立研究所の研究グループ 。
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プラハで昨年4月、バラク·オバマ大統領は演説た多くの重要な核軍縮へのコミットメントとして解釈されていることを。
しかし、現在では、ホワイトハウスは、弾頭の支出の歴史の中で大きな増加のいずれかを要求しています。 その要求が完全に資金を供給されている場合は、弾頭の支出は将来のために約束したさらなる増加と、単年で10%上昇するだろう。 ロスアラモス国立研究所、オバマ気前の最大のターゲットは、22%の予算増、1944年以来の最大を見ることができます。 特に、倍以上、年間それ故に新しい核兵器を生産するためのコミットメントをそこにシグナリングする新プルトニウム "ピット"工場団地のための資金。
したがって、大統領の予算は、彼の軍縮ビジョンとの互換性はどうですか?
答えは簡単です:オバマ氏は、または今まであった、そのようなビジョンを持っているという証拠はありません。 彼はプラハでその旨を何も言わなかった。 そこに、彼は単に求めることを "彼のコミットメントについて語った。 。 。 核兵器のない世界、 "漠然とした吸引とほとんど抽象化のそのレベルの小説1。 彼はその間に、米国は "任意の敵を抑止するため、安全·安心、そして効果的な兵器を維持し、同盟国にその防御を保証する"と述べた。
核兵器がないと、これまで、されませんので、無駄なていない場合は "任意の敵を阻止する、"これも、非常に野心的だった。 "任意"の敵を阻止することができる "有効な"武器のために無駄な検索は、オバマ氏が言及するには、拡張抑止力への投資を含む果てしない技術革新と継続的な実際の投資を必要とします。 このような投資の約束ではなく、軍縮は、限り米国の備蓄が心配していたとしてプラハの手術メッセージでした。 実際に、オバマ氏が話したときの拡大抑止への新規投資は、すでに議会にパッケージ化されていました提案した。
彼想定満たすために "軍縮ビジョンを、"オバマ氏はプラハ、両方不定でちょうど2つのアプローチを提供しました。 最初、彼は削減の漠然と話した "我々の国家安全保障戦略における核兵器の役割を。"それは遠くからそれが実際に意味するかもしれない何か、それが意味することができさえはっきりしている。 ほとんどの場合それが正式な談話 - 何当局は核ドクトリン - として地上に実際の事実とは対照的にについて言いたいことを指します。 第二に、オバマ大統領は "ロシアと[START]を新たな戦略兵器削減条約"を交渉することを約束限り核軍縮としてそれであった演説に行ってきました。
もちろん、オバマ氏はまた、彼の政権は迅速に包括的核実験禁止条約(CTBT)、まだ取らないアクションと米国の軍縮とは全く関係なく一つの批准を追求すると述べた。 スピーチの残りの部分は、彼の政権が求めることを計画する様々な核不拡散の取り組みに専念しました。
7月8日、オバマ大統領とロシアのドミトリー·メドベージェフ大統領は、条約が入力した完全な7年後にどこかの間に500〜1100戦略的な送達ビヒクルと1500〜1675配備戦略核弾頭、達成すべき非常に控えめな目標にそれぞれの国をコミットし、彼らの共同理解を発表発効。 Total arsenal numbers wouldn't change, so strategic warheads could be taken from deployment and placed in a reserve–de-alerted, in effect. The treaty wouldn't affect nonstrategic warheads. It wouldn't require dismantlement. As Hans Kristensen at the Federation of American Scientists has explained, the delivery vehicle limits require little, if any, change from US and Russian expected deployments.
Ironically, it's possible that the retirement PDF of 4,000 or more US warheads under the Moscow Treaty and other retirements ordered by George W. Bush may exceed anything Obama does in terms of disarmament. As for the stockpile and weapons complex, Bush's aspirations were far more hawkish than Congress ultimately allowed. Real budgets for warheads fell during his last three years in office. Now, with the Democrats controlling the executive branch and both houses of Congress, congressional restraint is notable by its absence. What Obama mainly seems to be “disarming” is congressional resistance to variations of some of the same proposals Bush found it difficult to authorize and fund.
Last May Obama sent his first budget to Congress, calling for flat warhead spending. At that time, the administration was still displaying a measured approach toward replacement and expansion of warhead capabilities.
That said, in last year's budget the White House did acquiesce to a Pentagon demand to request funding for a major upgrade to four B61 nuclear bomb variants–one of which had just completed a 20-year-plus life-extension program. Just one day before that budget was released a grand nuclear strategy review previously requested by the armed services committees was unveiled. It was chaired by William Perry, a member of the governing board of the corporation that manages Los Alamos, and recurrent Cold War fixture James Schlesinger. [Full disclosure: Perry is also a member of the Bulletin's Board of Sponsors.]
The report's recommendations for increased spending and weapons development quickly began to serve as a rallying point for defense hawks–surely the point of the exercise. Overall, it was largely a conclusory pastiche of recycled Cold War notions, entirely lacking in analysis and often factually wrong. But neither the White House nor leading congressional Democrats offered any public resistance or rebuttal to its conclusions.
More largely, opposition to nuclear restraint within the administration quickly emerged from its usual redoubts at the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), the Pentagon, STRATCOM, and interested players in both parties in Congress. Plus, Obama left key Bush appointees in place at NNSA while the Pentagon added some familiar faces from the Clinton administration, leaving serious questions about the ability of the White House to develop an independent understanding of the issues, let alone present one to Congress.
Either way, potential treaty ratification is surely a major factor in White House thinking. Senate Republicans, as expected, are demanding significant nuclear investments prior to considering ratification of any START follow-on treaty. Democratic hawks, especially powerful ones with pork-barrel interests at stake such as New Mexico Sen. Jeff Bingaman, also must be satisfied in the ratification process. All in all this makes the latest Obama budget request a kind of “preemptive surrender” to nuclear hawks. So whether or not the president has a disarmament “vision” is irrelevant. What is important are the policy commitments embodied in the budget request and whether Congress will endorse them.
Investments on the scale requested should be flatly unacceptable to all of us. The country and the world face truly apocalyptic security challenges from climate change and looming shortages of transportation fuels. Our economy is very weak and will remain so for the foreseeable future. The proposed increases in nuclear weapons spending, embedded as they are in an overall military budget bigger than any since the 1940s, should be a clarion call for renewed political commitment in service of the fundamental values that uphold this, or any, society.
Those values are now gravely threatened–not least by a White House uncertain about, or unwilling or unable to fight for, what is right.
エディタのコメント:
Mello does a good job of explaining why there will be little progress toward nuclear abolition during the Obama administration. Further he makes a good case that the current administration seems to be headed towards feeding the nuclear weapons complex to a greater degree than Bush was able. Who'd of thought!
But Mello misses on a couple points. One is that he dismisses too quickly the nuclear abolition aspiration Obama stated in Prague. Those few words may have little affect on policy, but they do mark a return to the rhetoric of all atomic age administrations up until George W. Bush markedly abandoned such aspirations. What is the value of that rhetoric? Mostly it gives credence to those who organize around abolition — something of value, but not much.
Secondly, Mello states that when Obama spoke of…
…reducing “the role of nuclear weapons in our national security strategy” it's far from clear what that might actually mean, or even what it could mean.
Actually, this statement of Obama's refers to something quite specific and important. The US has been advancing for several decades to an unprecedented level of conventional force dominance over all other nations (see Bernard I. Finel on strategic meaning of US conventional military power). At this point the US can anticipate gaining even more strategic advantage if it can convince other nations to join in disposing of nuclear weaponry (for an official statement of this strategic formula see Vice President Biden's speech at the National Defense University on 18 February 2010.) This is indeed quite an aspiration!
This connection of conventional dominance to nuclear dominance brings me to the other shortcoming of Mello's article. Nuclear abolition will be impossible without a significant restructuring of the international (in-)security system. Why would Russia or China eschew nuclear weapons or N. Korea and Iran abandon efforts to obtain them while these nations remain utterly vulnerable to US conventional strike?
Leaders of popular efforts for nuclear disarmament almost never acknowledge this strategic problem. That's a disservice to their cause, because it leaves a major obstacle to disarmament in place with no plan (or even awareness of the need for a plan) to remove it.
The eventuality of an agreement to abolish nuclear weapons will require the US to first draw down its conventional military power. And concurrent to a deep draw down of US conventional military power there must be a build up of international structures which can take up more and more of the responsibility for global security.
Such a transfer of power and responsibility will probably happen someday , but we are certainly not presently on that path. That is one more “change” that Obama is not pursuing, not even aspirationally.
Greg Mello responds to the editor's comments:
I think your comments are excellent. Let me begin with the second one, with which I wholly agree. Our work here at the [Los Alamos] Study Group has emphasized nuclear weapons issues in part because of our geographic, and hence political, locus adjacent to the two largest nuclear weapons laboratories.
The barrier to nuclear disarmament posed by military policies and investments that express an aspiration for “full spectrum dominance” on a global scale is almost certainly insuperable. Nuclear disarmament is only consistent with a quite different conception of national security than we now have and with a quite different economic structure internally as well. The good news — and I think we have to make it good where it may not appear so at first glance, since we have no other choice — is that our empire is failing.
Your first point, which relates to the symbolic value of Obama's disarmament statements, is also sound, but here I think that symbolic value is greatly outweighed by the passivity and compliance which his statements have engendered in civil society. The actors and forces which could and should be forcefully working for disarmament have been themselves disarmed by what amounts to propaganda.
Hypocrisy may be the homage paid to the ideal by the real, but it is not leadership, it is not honest, and it will not produce anything of value in this case. At the moment, it is allowing the nuclear weapons establishment to do what it could not accomplish previously: increase production capacity and provide greater, not lesser, endorsement of nuclear weapons in all their aspects, both materially and symbolically.
Obama's disarmament aspiration, so called, is a faint echo compared to the full-throated endorsement of nuclear weapons it is enabling.